Today, there are more than 2.5 million applications available in the Google Play Store. Such marketplaces are considered hubs to allow developers to publish their apps and distribute them as well. Presently, mobile device apps are distributed through online marketplaces such as Google Play Store. However, in many cases, the attackers hide the API calls using cryptography, reflection, or dynamic code loading techniques to increase the difficulty of analysis. Looking into API component calls in the executable file may allow exploring the behavior of an app and reporting its capabilities. Additionally, it contains a set of XML elements and attributes for declaring a manifest file and accessing resources besides permissions and intents. API framework consists of a set of API packages that include specific classes and methods. APIs are used to access data and key features within Android devices. ![]() Meanwhile, Android assigns Linux user ID for each application.ĪPI stands for application programming interface that refers to the set of tools providing interfaces for communication between different software components. Although the applications are isolated, still they can interact with the system and other applications through APIs. After an application is initiated, it grants its own virtual environment, so the code will be isolated from other apps. However, they can be downloaded from any source whether trusted or not. Resources: the external resources that are associated with the application (e.g., images).Īndroid applications run in a virtual environment to improve security. xml files: which are used to define the user interface of the application. The permissions requested by the app and the permissions required to access the application’s interfaces/data are defined in its manifest file.ĭalvik executable or x file: the Java classes and methods defined in the application code are grouped into one single file (x). It identifies the needed hardware and software features such as the camera, in addition to, the minimum API level required by the application. Android application package (APK) file is a ZIP compressed file that includes the following files:ĪndroidManifest.xml file: it describes the application’s capabilities and informs the OS about the other components of the application. Services could be initiated by other components like activity or broadcast receiver.Ĭontent providers: to share data between different applications.īroadcast receivers: to listen for specific system-wide broadcast announcements and react to them.Īndroid applications are written in Java programming language and distributed as. Services: a service operates in the background to execute long-running operations. ![]() ![]() The Android application contains four types of components shown in Figure 1 :Īctivities: each activity represents a single screen with a user interface. However, still there are issues due to open-source development, and every vendor and company following their own standards has led to serious security issues. The efforts for making each of the component secure have been made. The conversion of DEX code into device-related code is done before compilation, and this kind of technique is referred to as ahead of time (AOT).Īpplication framework manages and runs the applications using the services such as activity manager, content providers, telephony manager, package manager, location manager, etc.Īndroid libraries are a set of Java-based development application programming interfaces (APIs) that can help in performing general purpose tasks, as well as location-based and string handling.Īndroid kernel is based on the Linux 2.6 kernel and is used to provide abstraction between device hardware and other software layers. The Android system is composed of five important layers:Īpplications refer to the software stack of native as well as user-based applications.Īndroid runtime allows the application to run on mobile devices by converting the Android code into DEX format or byte code.
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